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Snapcraft 指南 (Linux)

本指南提供了有关如何包装你的 Electron 应用程序的任何 Snapcraft 环境, 包括 Ubuntu 软件中心的信息。

背景和要求​

与更广泛的 Linux 社区一起, 规范旨在解决 snapcraft 项目中的许多常见的软件安装问题。 Snaps 是容器化的软件包, 包括所需的依赖项、自动更新和对所有主要 Linux 发行版的工作, 而无需进行系统修改。

创建 .snap 文件有三种方法:

1) 使用 Electron Forge或electron-builder，这两个工具都提供 snap 开箱即用支持 这是最简单的选择。 2) Using electron-installer-snap, which takes @electron/packager's output. 3) 使用已经创建的 .deb 包。

在某些情况下，您需要安装 snapcraft 工具。 安装特定发行版的 snapcraft 的指南在这里能看到。

使用 electron-installer-snap​

The module works like electron-winstaller and similar modules in that its scope is limited to building snap packages. 你可以这样安装:

npm install --save-dev electron-installer-snap

步骤 1: 打包你的 Electron 应用程序​

Package the application using @electron/packager (or a similar tool). Make sure to remove node_modules that you don't need in your final application, since any module you don't actually need will increase your application's size.

结构输出应该看起来大致像这样:

.
└── dist
    └── app-linux-x64
        ├── LICENSE
        ├── LICENSES.chromium.html
        ├── content_shell.pak
        ├── app
        ├── icudtl.dat
        ├── libgcrypt.so.11
        ├── libnode.so
        ├── locales
        ├── resources
        ├── v8_context_snapshot.bin
        └── version

步骤 2: 运行 electron-installer-snap​

From a terminal that has snapcraft in its PATH, run electron-installer-snap with the only required parameter --src, which is the location of your packaged Electron application created in the first step.

npx electron-installer-snap --src=out/myappname-linux-x64

If you have an existing build pipeline, you can use electron-installer-snap programmatically. For more information, see the Snapcraft API docs.

const snap = require('electron-installer-snap')

snap(options)
  .then(snapPath => console.log(`Created snap at ${snapPath}!`))

Using snapcraft with @electron/packager​

第 1 步：创建示例 Snapcraft 项目​

创建你的项目目录并将以下内容添加到 snap/snapcraft.yaml：

name: electron-packager-hello-world
version: '0.1'
summary: Hello World Electron app
description: |
  Simple Hello World Electron app as an example
base: core22
confinement: strict
grade: stable

apps:
  electron-packager-hello-world:
    command: electron-quick-start/electron-quick-start --no-sandbox
    extensions: [gnome]
    plugs:
    - browser-support
    - network
    - network-bind
    environment:
      # Correct the TMPDIR path for Chromium Framework/Electron to ensure
      # libappindicator has readable resources.
      TMPDIR: $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR

parts:
  electron-quick-start:
    plugin: nil
    source: https://github.com/electron/electron-quick-start.git
    override-build: |
        npm install electron @electron/packager
        npx electron-packager . --overwrite --platform=linux --output=release-build --prune=true
        cp -rv ./electron-quick-start-linux-* $SNAPCRAFT_PART_INSTALL/electron-quick-start
    build-snaps:
    - node/14/stable
    build-packages:
    - unzip
    stage-packages:
    - libnss3
    - libnspr4

如果要将此示例应用于现有项目：

  • 替代 source: https://github.com/electron/electron-quick-start.git</0 > 为 <code>source: ...
  • 替代所有的 electron-quick-start 为你的项目名称。

第 2 步：构建 snap​

$ snapcraft

<output snipped>
Snapped electron-packager-hello-world_0.1_amd64.snap

第 3 步：安装 snap​

sudo snap install electron-packager-hello-world_0.1_amd64.snap --dangerous

第 4 步：运行 snap​

electron-packager-hello-world

使用一个现有的 Debian 包​

Snapcraft is capable of taking an existing .deb file and turning it into a .snap file. The creation of a snap is configured using a snapcraft.yaml file that describes the sources, dependencies, description, and other core building blocks.

步骤 1: 创建一个 Debian 包​

If you do not already have a .deb package, using electron-installer-snap might be an easier path to create snap packages. However, multiple solutions for creating Debian packages exist, including Electron Forge, electron-builder or electron-installer-debian.

步骤 2: 创建一个 snapcraft.yaml​

For more information on the available configuration options, see the documentation on the snapcraft syntax. Let's look at an example:

name: myApp
version: '2.0.0'
summary: A little description for the app.
description: |
 You know what? This app is amazing! It does all the things
 for you. Some say it keeps you young, maybe even happy.

grade: stable
confinement: classic

parts:
  slack:
    plugin: dump
    source: my-deb.deb
    source-type: deb
    after:
      - desktop-gtk3
    stage-packages:
      - libasound2
      - libnotify4
      - libnspr4
      - libnss3
      - libpcre3
      - libpulse0
      - libxss1
      - libxtst6
  electron-launch:
    plugin: dump
    source: files/
    prepare: |
      chmod +x bin/electron-launch

apps:
  myApp:
    command: bin/electron-launch $SNAP/usr/lib/myApp/myApp
    desktop: usr/share/applications/myApp.desktop
    # Correct the TMPDIR path for Chromium Framework/Electron to ensure
    # libappindicator has readable resources.
    environment:
      TMPDIR: $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR

As you can see, the snapcraft.yaml instructs the system to launch a file called electron-launch. In this example, it passes information on to the app's binary:

#!/bin/sh

exec "$@" --executed-from="$(pwd)" --pid=$$ > /dev/null 2>&1 &

Alternatively, if you're building your snap with strict confinement, you can use the desktop-launch command:

apps:
  myApp:
    # Correct the TMPDIR path for Chromium Framework/Electron to ensure
    # libappindicator has readable resources.
    command: env TMPDIR=$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR PATH=/usr/local/bin:${PATH} ${SNAP}/bin/desktop-launch $SNAP/myApp/desktop
    desktop: usr/share/applications/desktop.desktop

Optional: Enabling desktop capture​

Capturing the desktop requires PipeWire library in some Linux configurations that use the Wayland protocol. To bundle PipeWire with your application, ensure that the base snap is set to core22 or newer. Next, create a part called pipewire and add it to the after section of your application:

  pipewire:
    plugin: nil
    build-packages: [libpipewire-0.3-dev]
    stage-packages: [pipewire]
    prime:
      - usr/lib/*/pipewire-*
      - usr/lib/*/spa-*
      - usr/lib/*/libpipewire*.so*
      - usr/share/pipewire

Finally, configure your application's environment for PipeWire:

    environment:
      SPA_PLUGIN_DIR: $SNAP/usr/lib/$CRAFT_ARCH_TRIPLET/spa-0.2
      PIPEWIRE_CONFIG_NAME: $SNAP/usr/share/pipewire/pipewire.conf
      PIPEWIRE_MODULE_DIR: $SNAP/usr/lib/$CRAFT_ARCH_TRIPLET/pipewire-0.3