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Construye tu primera aplicación

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Esta es la parte 2 del tutorial de Electrón.

  1. Prerequisites
  2. Construye tu primera aplicación
  3. Using Preload Scripts
  4. Agregar funciones
  5. Empaquetando tu aplicación
  6. Publishing and Updating

Objetivos de aprendizaje​

En esta parte del tutorial, aprenderás a configurar tu proyecto Electron y escribir una aplicación inicial sencilla. Al final de esta sección, podrás ejecutar una aplicación de trabajo Electron en modo de desarrollo desde tu terminal.

Configurando tu Proyecto​

Evita WSL

Si estás en una máquina con Windows, por favor no utilices el Subsistema de Windows para Linux (WSL) mientras sigues este tutorial, porque puedes experimentar errores al tratar de ejecutar la aplicación.

Iniciando su proyecto con npm​

Las aplicaciones Electron se organizan usando npm, con el archivo package.json como punto de entrada. Comienza creando una carpeta e inicialiando un paquete npm dentro de ella con el comando npm init.

mkdir my-electron-app && cd my-electron-app
npm init

Este comando le pedirá que configure algunos campos en su package.json. Hay algunas reglas que seguir para este tutorial:

  • El punto de entrada debe ser el archivo main.js (crearás ese archivo pronto).
  • author, license, and description can be any value, but will be necessary for packaging later on.

Then, install Electron into your app's devDependencies, which is the list of external development-only package dependencies not required in production.

Why is Electron a devDependency?

This may seem counter-intuitive since your production code is running Electron APIs. However, packaged apps will come bundled with the Electron binary, eliminating the need to specify it as a production dependency.

npm install electron --save-dev

Your package.json file should look something like this after initializing your package and installing Electron. You should also now have a node_modules folder containing the Electron executable, as well as a package-lock.json lockfile that specifies the exact dependency versions to install.

package.json
{
  "name": "my-electron-app",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "Hello World!",
  "main": "main.js",
  "scripts": {
    "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
  },
  "author": "Jane Doe",
  "license": "MIT",
  "devDependencies": {
    "electron": "23.1.3"
  }
}
Advanced Electron installation steps

If installing Electron directly fails, please refer to our Advanced Installation documentation for instructions on download mirrors, proxies, and troubleshooting steps.

Agregando un .gitignore​

The .gitignore file specifies which files and directories to avoid tracking with Git. You should place a copy of GitHub's Node.js gitignore template into your project's root folder to avoid committing your project's node_modules folder.

Ejecutar una aplicación Electron​

:::Leer más

Read Electron's process model documentation to better understand how Electron's multiple processes work together.

:::

The main script you defined in package.json is the entry point of any Electron application. This script controls the main process, which runs in a Node.js environment and is responsible for controlling your app's lifecycle, displaying native interfaces, performing privileged operations, and managing renderer processes (more on that later).

Before creating your first Electron app, you will first use a trivial script to ensure your main process entry point is configured correctly. Create a main.js file in the root folder of your project with a single line of code:

main.js
console.log('Hello from Electron 👋')

Because Electron's main process is a Node.js runtime, you can execute arbitrary Node.js code with the electron command (you can even use it as a REPL). To execute this script, add electron . to the start command in the scripts field of your package.json. This command will tell the Electron executable to look for the main script in the current directory and run it in dev mode.

package.json
{
  "name": "my-electron-app",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "Hello World!",
  "main": "main.js",
  "scripts": {
    "start": "electron .",
    "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
  },
  "author": "Jane Doe",
  "license": "MIT",
  "devDependencies": {
    "electron": "23.1.3"
  }
}
npm run start

Your terminal should print out Hello from Electron 👋. Congratulations, you have executed your first line of code in Electron! Next, you will learn how to create user interfaces with HTML and load that into a native window.

Loading a web page into a BrowserWindow​

In Electron, each window displays a web page that can be loaded either from a local HTML file or a remote web address. For this example, you will be loading in a local file. Start by creating a barebones web page in an index.html file in the root folder of your project:

index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <!-- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP -->
    <meta
      http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy"
      content="default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'"
    />
    <meta
      http-equiv="X-Content-Security-Policy"
      content="default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'"
    />
    <title>Hello from Electron renderer!</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Hello from Electron renderer!</h1>
    <p>👋</p>
  </body>
</html>

Now that you have a web page, you can load it into an Electron BrowserWindow. Replace the contents of your main.js file with the following code. We will explain each highlighted block separately.

main.js
const { app, BrowserWindow } = require('electron')

const createWindow = () => {
  const win = new BrowserWindow({
    width: 800,
    height: 600
  })

  win.loadFile('index.html')
}

app.whenReady().then(() => {
  createWindow()
})

Importando módulos​

main.js (Line 1)
const { app, BrowserWindow } = require('electron')

In the first line, we are importing two Electron modules with CommonJS module syntax:

  • app, which controls your application's event lifecycle.
  • BrowserWindow, which creates and manages app windows.
Module capitalization conventions

You might have noticed the capitalization difference between the app and BrowserWindow modules. Electron follows typical JavaScript conventions here, where PascalCase modules are instantiable class constructors (e.g. BrowserWindow, Tray, Notification) whereas camelCase modules are not instantiable (e.g. app, ipcRenderer, webContents).

Typed import aliases

For better type checking when writing TypeScript code, you can choose to import main process modules from electron/main.

const { app, BrowserWindow } = require('electron/main')

For more information, see the Process Model docs.

ES Modules in Electron

ECMAScript modules (i.e. using import to load a module) are supported in Electron as of Electron 28. You can find more information about the state of ESM in Electron and how to use them in our app in our ESM guide.

Writing a reusable function to instantiate windows​

The createWindow() function loads your web page into a new BrowserWindow instance:

main.js (Lines 3-10)
const createWindow = () => {
  const win = new BrowserWindow({
    width: 800,
    height: 600
  })

  win.loadFile('index.html')
}

Calling your function when the app is ready​

main.js (Lines 12-14)
app.whenReady().then(() => {
  createWindow()
})

Many of Electron's core modules are Node.js event emitters that adhere to Node's asynchronous event-driven architecture. The app module is one of these emitters.

In Electron, BrowserWindows can only be created after the app module's ready event is fired. You can wait for this event by using the app.whenReady() API and calling createWindow() once its promise is fulfilled.

info

You typically listen to Node.js events by using an emitter's .on function.

+ app.on('ready', () => {
- app.whenReady().then(() => {
  createWindow()
})

However, Electron exposes app.whenReady() as a helper specifically for the ready event to avoid subtle pitfalls with directly listening to that event in particular. See electron/electron#21972 for details.

At this point, running your Electron application's start command should successfully open a window that displays your web page!

Each web page your app displays in a window will run in a separate process called a renderer process (or simply renderer for short). Renderer processes have access to the same JavaScript APIs and tooling you use for typical front-end web development, such as using webpack to bundle and minify your code or React to build your user interfaces.

Managing your app's window lifecycle​

Application windows behave differently on each operating system. Rather than enforce these conventions by default, Electron gives you the choice to implement them in your app code if you wish to follow them. You can implement basic window conventions by listening for events emitted by the app and BrowserWindow modules.

Process-specific control flow

Checking against Node's process.platform variable can help you to run code conditionally on certain platforms. Note that there are only three possible platforms that Electron can run in: win32 (Windows), linux (Linux), and darwin (macOS).

Salir de la aplicación cuando todas las ventanas estén cerradas (Windows & Linux)​

On Windows and Linux, closing all windows will generally quit an application entirely. To implement this pattern in your Electron app, listen for the app module's window-all-closed event, and call app.quit() to exit your app if the user is not on macOS.

app.on('window-all-closed', () => {
  if (process.platform !== 'darwin') app.quit()
})

Abra una ventana si no hay ninguna abierta (macOS)​

In contrast, macOS apps generally continue running even without any windows open. Activating the app when no windows are available should open a new one.

To implement this feature, listen for the app module's activate event, and call your existing createWindow() method if no BrowserWindows are open.

Debido a que las ventanas no se pueden crear antes del evento ready, solo debería escuchar el evento activate después de inicializar tu aplicación. Do this by only listening for activate events inside your existing whenReady() callback.

app.whenReady().then(() => {
  createWindow()

  app.on('activate', () => {
    if (BrowserWindow.getAllWindows().length === 0) createWindow()
  })
})

Final starter code​

docs/fiddles/tutorial-first-app (30.0.1)Open in Fiddle
const { app, BrowserWindow } = require('electron/main')

const createWindow = () => {
  const win = new BrowserWindow({
    width: 800,
    height: 600
  })

  win.loadFile('index.html')
}

app.whenReady().then(() => {
  createWindow()

  app.on('activate', () => {
    if (BrowserWindow.getAllWindows().length === 0) {
      createWindow()
    }
  })
})

app.on('window-all-closed', () => {
  if (process.platform !== 'darwin') {
    app.quit()
  }
})

Optional: Debugging from VS Code​

Si deseas depurar tu aplicación usando VS Code, debes adjuntar VS code para ambos procesos tanto el principal y los renderizadores. Here is a sample configuration for you to run. Create a launch.json configuration in a new .vscode folder in your project:

.vscode/launch.json
{
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "compounds": [
    {
      "name": "Main + renderer",
      "configurations": ["Main", "Renderer"],
      "stopAll": true
    }
  ],
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "Renderer",
      "port": 9222,
      "request": "attach",
      "type": "chrome",
      "webRoot": "${workspaceFolder}"
    },
    {
      "name": "Main",
      "type": "node",
      "request": "launch",
      "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
      "runtimeExecutable": "${workspaceFolder}/node_modules/.bin/electron",
      "windows": {
        "runtimeExecutable": "${workspaceFolder}/node_modules/.bin/electron.cmd"
      },
      "args": [".", "--remote-debugging-port=9222"],
      "outputCapture": "std",
      "console": "integratedTerminal"
    }
  ]
}

The "Main + renderer" option will appear when you select "Run and Debug" from the sidebar, allowing you to set breakpoints and inspect all the variables among other things in both the main and renderer processes.

What we have done in the launch.json file is to create 3 configurations:

  • Main is used to start the main process and also expose port 9222 for remote debugging (--remote-debugging-port=9222). This is the port that we will use to attach the debugger for the Renderer. Because the main process is a Node.js process, the type is set to node.
  • Renderer is used to debug the renderer process. Because the main process is the one that creates the process, we have to "attach" to it ("request": "attach") instead of creating a new one. The renderer process is a web one, so the debugger we have to use is chrome.
  • Main + renderer is a compound task that executes the previous ones simultaneously.
advertencia

Because we are attaching to a process in Renderer, it is possible that the first lines of your code will be skipped as the debugger will not have had enough time to connect before they are being executed. You can work around this by refreshing the page or setting a timeout before executing the code in development mode.

Further reading

If you want to dig deeper in the debugging area, the following guides provide more information:

Resumen​

Electron applications are set up using npm packages. The Electron executable should be installed in your project's devDependencies and can be run in development mode using a script in your package.json file.

The executable runs the JavaScript entry point found in the main property of your package.json. This file controls Electron's main process, which runs an instance of Node.js and is responsible for your app's lifecycle, displaying native interfaces, performing privileged operations, and managing renderer processes.

Renderer processes (or renderers for short) are responsible for displaying graphical content. You can load a web page into a renderer by pointing it to either a web address or a local HTML file. Renderers behave very similarly to regular web pages and have access to the same web APIs.

In the next section of the tutorial, we will be learning how to augment the renderer process with privileged APIs and how to communicate between processes.